Sun, Jun 28, 2026
1- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran , hooshyar4@yahoo.com
2- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
2- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Abstract: (978 Views)
Background and objectives: Trichomoniasis is considered as the most common non-viral sexually transmitted diseases globally. Early diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has an important role in effective treatment and controlling the infection and interrupt of transmission chain. The present narrative review was carried out to gather new data and evaluate the challenges of available methods of laboratory of T. vaginalis diagnosis.
Methods: With a broad review of the published literature and electronic international databases such as ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was conducted to find relevant data reporting on existing and newly developed diagnostic methods for the identification of trichomoniasis diagnostic techniques in both sexes and covered 2000 up to 2025. The benefit and limitation of these methods were compared.
Results: This review article demonstrated wet mount preparation and examination under a light microscope accompanied by staining methods are the most frequently used worldwide. However, the sensitivity of this method is low. Direct microscopy examination accompanied by culturing or staining is a good-performance diagnostic strategy. Moreover, molecular and immunological-based methods are recommended to be used as complementary tests.
Conclusion: Direct microscopy examination is an economical and rapid method. The fully automated PCR system for the simultaneous identification of the most common vaginal pathogens can be established as a diagnostic strategy in non-endemic areas and developed countries.
Methods: With a broad review of the published literature and electronic international databases such as ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was conducted to find relevant data reporting on existing and newly developed diagnostic methods for the identification of trichomoniasis diagnostic techniques in both sexes and covered 2000 up to 2025. The benefit and limitation of these methods were compared.
Results: This review article demonstrated wet mount preparation and examination under a light microscope accompanied by staining methods are the most frequently used worldwide. However, the sensitivity of this method is low. Direct microscopy examination accompanied by culturing or staining is a good-performance diagnostic strategy. Moreover, molecular and immunological-based methods are recommended to be used as complementary tests.
Conclusion: Direct microscopy examination is an economical and rapid method. The fully automated PCR system for the simultaneous identification of the most common vaginal pathogens can be established as a diagnostic strategy in non-endemic areas and developed countries.
References
1. Borges AV, Perini HF, Alvin EA, Silva ACA, da Silva MV. Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far. Venereology. 2024;3(3):107-19. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
2. Craig-Kuhn MC, Granade C, Muzny CA, Van Del Pol B, Lillis R, Taylor SN, et al. Optimal timing for Trichomonas vaginalis test of cure using nucleic acid amplification testing. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46(5):312-6. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
3. World Health Organization: Global and regional sexually transmitted infection estimates for 2020. World Health Organization, 2023 Available from:https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/global-and-regional-sti-estimates [View at Publisher]
4. Harfouche M, Gherbi WS, Alareeki A, Alaama AS, Hermez JG, Smolak A, et al. Epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. EBioMedicine. 2024;106:105250. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
5. Moghadamizad Z, Khalili JY, Olfatifar M, Badri M, Khazaei S. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among the female population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Health. 2024;16(3):240-51. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
6. Fakhrieh-Kashan Z, Arbabi M, Delavari M, Mohebali M, Hooshyar H. Induction of Apoptosis by Alcoholic Extract of Combination Verbascum thapsus and Ginger officinale on Iranian Isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis. Iran J Parasitol. 2018; 13(1):72-8. [View at Publisher] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
7. Ibanez-Escribano A, Nogal-Ruiz JJ. The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis. Pathogens. 2024;13(2):126. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
8. Cardoso FG, Freitas MD, Tasca T, Rigo GV. From Wet Mount to Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Current Diagnostic Methods and Future Perspectives Based on Patenting of New Assays, Stains, and Diagnostic Images for Trichomonas vaginalis Detection. Venereology. 2024;3(1):35-50. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [Google Scholar]
9. Yang H-Y, Su R-Y, Chung C-H, Huang K-Y, Lin H-A, Wang J-Y, et al. Association between trichomoniasis and prostate and bladder diseases: A population-based case-control study. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):15358. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
10. Masha SC, Cools P, Sanders EJ, Vaneechoutte M, Crucitti T. Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection acquisition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95(1):36-42. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
11. Hansh WJ. A Review on Trichomonas vaginalis and the impact of some demographic variables on the prevalence in Iraq. Maaen J Med Sci. 2024;3(1):77-84. [View at Publisher] [DOI:] [Google Scholar]
12. Nu PA, Nguyen VQ, Cao NT, Dessì D, Rappelli P, Fiori PL. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in Central Vietnam. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(06):655-60. [View at Publisher] [DOI] [PMID] [Google Scholar]
13. Domeika M, Zhurauskaya L, Savicheva A, Frigo N, Sokolovskiy E, Hallen A, et al. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in East European countries. J Eur Aca Derm Venereol 2010;24(10):1125-34. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03601. x. [DOI] [PMID]
14. Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Tracy JK, Zenilman JM, Ravel J, et al. A Longitudinal Study of the Vaginal Microbiota and HPV Detection. Sex Trans Infect 2013; 89(Suppl 1): A36-A36. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0111. [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0111]
15. Asmah RH, Agyeman RO, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Blankson H, Awuah-Mensah G, Cham M, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection and the diagnostic significance of detection tests among Ghanaian outpatients. BMC women's health 2018; 18:1-10.doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0699-5. [DOI:10.1186/s12905-018-0699-5] [PMID] [PMCID]
16. Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomonosis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38 (10): 3585-88. doi:10.1128/JCM.38.10.3585-3588.2000. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.38.10.3585-3588.2000] [PMID] [PMCID]
17. Herath S, Balendran T, Herath A, Iddawela D, Wickramasinghe S. Comparison of diagnostic methods and analysis of socio-demographic factors associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Sri Lanka. Plos One 2021;16(10): e0258556.doi:10.1371/journal. pone. 0258556. eCollection 2021. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0258556] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Krieger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE, Nielsen IO, Hale J, Kiviat NB, et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis: Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 1988; 259 (8):1223-27. doi:10.1001/jama.259.8.1223. [DOI:10.1001/jama.259.8.1223] [PMID]
19. Mason PR, Super H, Fripp PJ. Comparison of four techniques for the routine diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J Clin Pathol 1976; 29: 154-157.doi:10.1136/jcp.29.2.154. [DOI:10.1136/jcp.29.2.154] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Afzan MY, Sivanandam S, Kumar GS. Modified Field's staining-a rapid stain for Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68: 159-162. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.005. [DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.005] [PMID]
21. Hobbs MM, Sena AC. Modern diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Sex Trans Infect 2013; 89:434-438. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051057. [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051057] [PMID] [PMCID]
22. Khatoon R, Jahan N, Khan HM, Rabbani T, Ahmad S. Evaluation of different staining techniques in the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in females of reproductive age group. J Clin Diag Res 2014;8(12): DC05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9765.5261. [DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9765.5261] [PMID] [PMCID]
23. Menezes CB, Mello MD, Tasca T. Comparison of permanent staining methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Trichomoniasis. Revista Ins Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:5. doi:10.1590/S1678-994620160005. [DOI:10.1590/S1678-994620160005]
24. Roy P, Mirza TT, Paul SK, Shamsi S, Khan MK, Begum MF, Arafa P. Comparison of Wet Mount Microscopy and Giemsa Staining to PCR in the Diagnosis of Vaginal Trichomoniasis in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Bangladesh. Mym Med J 2023;32(2):348-54.
25. Mahmoud A, Sherif NA, Abdella R, El- Genedy AR, El Kateb AY, Askalani AN. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Egyptian women using culture and Latex agglutination: cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health 2015;15(1):1-6.doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0169-2. [DOI:10.1186/s12905-015-0169-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Radonjic IV, Dzamic AM, Mitrovic SM, Arsenijevic VSA, Popadic DM, Zec IFK. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection: The sensitivities and specificities of microscopy, culture and PCR assay. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Repro Biol 2006; 126 (1) :116-20. doi:10.1016/ j. ejogrb.2005.07.033. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.07.033] [PMID]
27. Harrington BJ. Staining of Trichomonas vaginalis with fluorescent frighteners. Lab Med 2013;44(4):324-8. doi:10.1309/LMJ1I1LP9UFEJCLT. [DOI:10.1309/LMJ1I1LP9UFEJCLT]
28. Beri D, Yadav P, Devi HRN, Narayana C, Gadara D, Tatu U. Demonstration and Characterization of Cyst-Like Structures in the Life Cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:430. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00430. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00430] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Jayapalan S, Bindu RS. Papanicolaou smear: A diagnostic aid in sexually transmitted infections. Indian J Sex Trans Dis AIDS 2020;41(2):143-148. doi:10.4103/ijstd. IJSTD _114_16. [DOI:10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_114_16] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Rosales-Rimache J, Inolopú JL, Soncco-Llulluy FC, Medina-Ciprian L. Comparison of Three Methods for Diagnosing Trichomoniasis in Female Patients with Sexual Activity Attended at a Hospital in Peru. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:9528942.Doi: 10.1155/2023/9528942. [DOI:10.1155/2023/9528942] [PMID] [PMCID]
31. Weinberger MW, Harger JH. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82:425-29.
32. Lara-Torre E, Pinkerton JS. Accuracy of detection of Trichomonas vaginalis organisms on a liquid-based papanicolaou smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:354-56. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.8. [DOI:10.1067/mob.2003.8] [PMID]
33. Loo SK, Tang WY, Lo KK. Clinical significance of Trichomonas vaginalis detected in Papanicolaou smear: a survey in female Social Hygiene Clinic. Hong Kong Med J 2009;15(2):90-93.
34. Sharbat Daran M, Shefaei S, Samiei H, Haji Ahmadi M, Ramezan Pour R, Mersadi N et al. Comparison of clinical presentations, wet smear, Papanicolaou smear with Dorset's culture for diagnosis of Trichomonas Vaginalis in doubtful women to Trichomoniasis. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2005; 7 (3) :46-49
35. Hussein AH, Saleh MH, Nagaty IM, A Ghieth K, El-Azab NA. Prevalence, Clinical Criteria and Sociodemographic Predictors of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Suspected Egyptian Women, Using Direct Diagnostic Techniques. Iran J Parasitol 2015;10(3):432-40.
36. Rayan HZ, Zaki WM, Madkhali AM. Evaluation of staining methods for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in clinically suspected women in Jazan, KSA. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2019;49(1):11-6. doi:10.21608/jesp.2019.68281. [DOI:10.21608/jesp.2019.68281]
37. Khatoon R, Jahan N, Ahmad S, Khan HM, Rabbani T. Comparison of four diagnostic techniques for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in females attending tertiary care hospital of North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2015;58(1):36-39. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.151172. [DOI:10.4103/0377-4929.151172] [PMID]
38. Rahmani F, Ehteshaminia Y, Mohammadi H, Mahdavi SA. A Review on Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas Vaginalis. Tabari Biomed Stu Res J 2021; 3(4):35-43. doi:10.18502/tbsrj. v3i3.6925.
39. Gelbart SM, Thomason JL, Osypowski PJ, Kellett AV, James JA, Broekhuizen FF. Growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in commercial culture media. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(5):962-64. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.5.962-964.1990. [DOI:10.1128/jcm.28.5.962-964.1990] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Huppert JS, Biro F, Lan D, Mortensen JE, Reed J, Slap GB. Urinary symptoms in adolescent females: STI or UTI? J Adolesc Health 2007;40(5):418-24. doi:10. 1016/j.jadohealth.2006.12.010. [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.12.010] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Schwebke JR, Venglarik MF, Morgan SC. Delayed versus immediate bedside inoculation of culture media for diagnosis of vaginal trichomonosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37(7):2369-70. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.7.2369-2370.1999. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.37.7.2369-2370.1999] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Beverly AL, Venglarik M, Cotton B, Schwebke JR. Viability of Trichomonas vaginalis in transport medium. J Clinical Microbiol 1999; 37(11):3749-50. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.11.3749-3750.1999. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.37.11.3749-3750.1999] [PMID] [PMCID]
43. Garber GE. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005;16(1):35-38. doi:10.1155/2005/373920. [DOI:10.1155/2005/373920] [PMID] [PMCID]
44. Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11(2):300-17. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.2.300. [DOI:10.1128/CMR.11.2.300] [PMID] [PMCID]
45. Levi MH, Torres J, Pina C, Klein RS. Comparison of the InPouch system and Diamonds modified medium for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 35: 3308-10. doi:10.1128/jcm.35.12.3308-3310.1997. [DOI:10.1128/jcm.35.12.3308-3310.1997] [PMID] [PMCID]
46. Borchardt KA, Zhang M, Shing H, Flink KA. Comparison of the sensitivity of the InPouch TV, Diamond's and Trichosel media for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 297-98. doi:10.1136/sti.73.4.297. [DOI:10.1136/sti.73.4.297] [PMID] [PMCID]
47. Garber GE, Sibau L, Ma R, Proctor EM, Shaw CE, Bowie WR. Cell culture compared with broth for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1275-79. doi:10.1128/jcm.25.7.1275-1279.1987. [DOI:10.1128/jcm.25.7.1275-1279.1987] [PMID] [PMCID]
48. Huppert JS, Batteiger BE, Braslins P, Feldman JA, Hobbs MM, Sankey HZ, et al. Use of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(2):684-87. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.684-687.2005. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.43.2.684-687.2005] [PMID] [PMCID]
49. Postenrieder NR, Reed JL, Hesse E, Kahn JA, Ding L, Gaydos CA, et al. Rapid antigen testing for Trichomoniasis in an Emergency Department. Pediatrics 2016; 137(6): e20152072. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2072. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2015-2072] [PMID] [PMCID]
50. Madhivanan P, Li T, Trammell S, Desai C, Srinivas V, Arun A, et al. Performance of the OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in Mysore, India. Sexual Health 2013;10(4):320-24.doi:10.1071/SH13015. [DOI:10.1071/SH13015] [PMID]
51. Hsiao KY, Lin HL, Chen HM, Chen CC. Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Tests for Trichomoniasis: A Meta-analysis. J Lower Genital Tract Dis 2024; 2:10-97.doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000873.
52. Sheele JM, Crandall CJ, Arko BL, Vallabhaneni M, Dunn CT, Chang BF, et al. The OSOMR Trichomonas Test is unable to accurately diagnose Trichomonas vaginalis from urine in men. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:1002-03. doi:10.1016/ j. ajem.2018.10.022. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.022] [PMID]
53. Andrea SB, Chapin KC. Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and BD affirm VPIII for detection of T. vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(3):866-69. doi:10.1128/JCM.02367-10. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.02367-10] [PMID] [PMCID]
54. Yousofi-Darani H, Sharafi S, Heidari M, Poor S, Jafari R, Hosseini S. Diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis and Trichomonas vaginalis infection by antibody coated latex particles. J Adv Med 2017; 24:36600. doi:10.9734/JAMMR/2017/36600. [DOI:10.9734/JAMMR/2017/36600]
55. Pillay A, Lewis J, Ballard RC. Evaluation of Xenostrip-Tv, a rapid diagnostic test for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42(8):3853-56. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.8.3853-3856.2004. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.42.8.3853-3856.2004] [PMID] [PMCID]
56. Miller GA, Klausner JD, Coates TJ, Meza R, Gaydos CA, Hardick J, et al. Assessment of a rapid antigen detection system for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2003;10(6):1157-58. doi:10.1128/cdli.10.6.1157-1158.2003. [DOI:10.1128/CDLI.10.6.1157-1158.2003] [PMID] [PMCID]
57. Tawfik WM, Aboelela HM, Abdelhamid HS, Sharaf AM. Efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests for trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginitis. Parasitol Uni J 2025; 18(1):58-65. doi:10.21608/PUJ.2025.355302.1283. [DOI:10.21608/puj.2025.355302.1283]
58. Gan SD, Patel KR. Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Investig Dermatol 2013; 133: e12. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.287. [DOI:10.1038/jid.2013.287] [PMID]
59. Kim JH, Moon HS, Kim KS, Hwang HS, Ryu JS, Park SY. Comparison of seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between men with prostatic tumor and normal men. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57: 21-25. doi:10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21. [DOI:10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21] [PMID] [PMCID]
60. Alderete JF, Neace CJ. Identification, characterization, and synthesis of peptide epitopes and a recombinant six-epitope protein for Trichomonas vaginalis serodiagnosis. Immuno Targets Ther 20132: 91-103. doi:10.2147/ITT.S46694. eCollection 2013. [DOI:10.2147/ITT.S46694] [PMID] [PMCID]
61. Alderete JF. Advancing prevention of STIs by developing specific serodiagnostic targets: Trichomonas vaginalis as a model. Int J Env Res Public Health 2020;17: 5783.doi:10.3390/ijerph17165783. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17165783] [PMID] [PMCID]
62. Adjei C, Boateng R, Dompreh A, Okyere B, Owiredu EW. Prevalence and the evaluation of culture, wet mount, and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Ghanaian women using urine and vaginal specimens. Trop Med Health 201947:33-41. doi:10.1186/s41182-019-0162-9. eCollection 2019. [DOI:10.1186/s41182-019-0162-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
63. Patel SR, Wiese W, Patel SC, Ohl C, Byrd JC, Estrada CA. Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis. Inf Dis Obst gynecol 2000;8(5-6):248-57.doi:10.1155/S1064744900000375.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-0997(2000)8:5<248::AID-IDOG1028>3.0.CO;2-B [DOI:10.1002/1098-0997(2000)8:53.0.CO;2-B] [PMID] [PMCID]
64. Arbabi M, Delavari M, Fakhrieh-Kashan Z, Hooshyar H. Review of Trichomonas vaginalis in Iran, Based on epidemiological situation. J Rep Infertil 2018; 19(2):82-88.
65. Eira A, Fadoni J, Amorim A, Caine L. Forensic Microbiology: Challenges in Detecting Sexually Transmitted Infections. Diagnostics 2025;15(10):1294.
Doi:10.3390/diagnostics15101294. [DOI:10.3390/diagnostics15101294] [PMID] [PMCID]
66. Kazemi F, Hooshyar H, Zareikar B, Bandehpour M, Arbabi M, Talari S, et al. Study on ITS1 gene of Iranian Trichomonas vaginalis by molecular methods. Iranian J Parasitol 2010;5(4):9-14.
67. Schwebke JR, Hobbs MM, Taylor SN, Sena AC, Catania MG, Weinbaum BS, et al. Molecular testing for Trichomonas vaginalis in women: results from a prospective U.S. clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(12):4106-11. doi:10.1128/JCM.01291-11. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.01291-11] [PMID] [PMCID]
68. Hu XM, Xu Jx, Jiang LX, Deng LR, Gu ZM, Xie XY, et al. Design and evaluation of a novel multiplex Real-Time PCR melting curve assay for the simultaneous detection of nine Sexually Transmitted Disease pathogens in genitourinary secretions. Front. Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:382. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00382. eCollection 2019. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00382] [PMID] [PMCID]
69. Reyes JCB, Solon JAA, Rivera WL. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;79: 337-41. doi:10.1016/j. diagmicrobio.2014.03.016. [DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.016] [PMID]
70. Campbell L, Woods V, Lloyd T, Elsayed S, Church DL. Evaluation of the OSOM Trichomonas rapid test versus wet preparation examination for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in specimens from women with a low prevalence of infection. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46(10):3467-69. doi:10.1128/JCM.00671-08. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.00671-08] [PMID] [PMCID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Contact us
Tel & Fax: (+98) 17-32450093
E-mail:
goums.ac.ir
yahoo.com