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Abstract Background and Objective: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen causing a variety of infections including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, septicemia, wound infections and infections in the intensive care units. Since the ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are increasingly causing urinary tract infections, we aim to assess antibiotic resistance pattern and evaluate the prevalence of ESBL in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections. Material and Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains collected from Zahedan hospitals. After final identification of isolates, antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by using disk diffusion in agar method for 16 antibiotics and ESBL production was determined by the combined disk method. Results: The Klebsiella pneumoniae strains showed susceptibility to imipenem and amikacin ( 94.3%) ,chloramphenicol (88.5%) , gentamicin (81.1%) , ciprofloxacin (80.3%) , cefepime (73%) ,streptomycin (72.1%), nalidixic acid (68%) , tetracycline (65.6%), and cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefpodoxime (62.3%) . The resistance of strains was seen to nitrofurantoin (53.3%), cotrimoxazole (39.3%), Cefpodoxime (37.7%), cefotaxime (36.9%), ceftriaxone (36.1%), aztreonam (34.4%), ceftazidime (32.8%). Thirty-eight isolates (31.1%) were shown to produce ESBLs. Conclusion: A high rate of resistance was observed to most of the antibiotics among ESBL producing strains therefore, it is important to be careful about the use of antibiotics and identification of ESBL using phenotypic methods. Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases,KlebsiellaPneumoniae, Urinary Tract Infection, Isolate

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Background and objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of hospital- and community-associated infections on a global scale. This organism is responsible for causing an extensive range of diseases and many of them are capable of biofilm formation for their survival. By this method, treatment of them with antibiotics become very difficult and antibiotic resistance is another rising concern.
Material and Methods: The clinical samples were collected and examined for Staphylococcus aureus by microbiological and biochemical tests. Then, the biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolates was detected by microtiter plate. Using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR, the expression of PSM was determined.
Results: A total of 60 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from clinical isolates. Of them, 47 strains (78.3%) were identified biofilm producing and the others were considered negative for biofilm formation. After real-time PCR testing to detect PSM, it was determined that 100% of the strains were positive for biofilms and PSM genes. The results of phenotypic and genotypic tests of biofilm were closely related to each other and the expression of PSM B gene was 80%. It was found that 100% of strains were biofilm producing and PSM B gene was present in 78.3% (47 strains) of them.
Conclusion: The prevalence of biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples was high, so it is highly important to monitor the prevalence of these organisms in hospitals and community as well as their antimicrobial resistance.

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Khaya senegalensis, a tree that hails from Africa and is part of the Meliaceae family, has shown promise as a source of bioactive compounds. With pests and fungi increasingly resistant to traditional fungicides posing threats to both plant and animal health there's a pressing need for alternative antifungal solutions. This study set out to compare the antifungal properties of methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Khaya senegalensis against certain fungal isolates. Leaf samples were gathered from the Makera area in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria, and were extracted using the cold maceration method. The antifungal activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 40, 80, and 120 mg/ml, with ketoconazole used as a positive control. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) served as the growth medium. Phytochemical screening uncovered a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides in both extracts. The methanol extract showed stronger antifungal activity than the aqueous extract across all tested fungi. Notably, Aspergillus niger was particularly sensitive to the methanol extract, with inhibition zones measuring 9 mm, 13 mm, and 17 mm, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The aqueous extract displayed moderate activity against A. fumigatus and less effectiveness against the other fungi. In summary, the methanolic leaf extract of Khaya senegalensis exhibited significant antifungal activity, likely due to its higher concentration of secondary metabolites, highlighting its potential for development into natural fungicide formulations.